研究生同等学力申请硕士学位英语应试指南：辨别改错
辨错改错部分是在职人员英语水平考试中唯一测试语法内容的单项。它主要测试考生对英语基本句型、句子结构和语法知识的熟悉和掌握程度, 考察考生辨认并改正语言知识在运用时出现的各种错误的能力。此部分共10题, 每题1分(辨错与改错各0.5分), 考试时间为10分钟。要想能够准确快捷地答题, 考生除了全面牢固地掌握语法知识外, 还应了解试题的命题意图, 常见错误设置, 辨错思路及改错要领。
一、时态语态常见错误设置及答题思路
［常见错误］
1.句中动词(含谓语、非谓语)时态形式与所给或暗示的时间状语不一致；
2.应用被动语态而错用了主动语态, 此错常设置在非谓语动词中；
3.将没有进行时、表示动作结果的感官动词误用进行时；
4.将非及物动词误用被动语态。
例句：
The changes that took (A) place in air travel during (B) the last sixty years would have seemed (C) completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at (D) the turn of the 19th century.
(答案：A have taken, 因与during the last sixty years 不一致)
With (A) production having gone (B) up steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing (C) supply of (D) raw materials.
(答案：B going, 因与句中steadily, needs暗示的时间不一致)
The idea that (A) learning is a (B) lifelong process has expressed (C) by philosophers and educationalists throughout (D) the centuries.
(答案：C has been expressed, 应为被动语态)
Not too many (A) years ago (B) my mother jogged in the alley behind our house because she was embarrassed to see (C) jogging in public (D) .
(答案：C to be seen, 应为被动语态)
He was seeing (A) somebody creeping (B) into the house through (C) the open (D) window last night.
(答案：A saw, 表示结果的感官动词没有进行时)
If it doesn′t (A) rain within (B) the next few weeks, the crops (C) will have to be watered if they are to be survived (D) .
(答案：D to survive, survive此处为非及物动词)
［辨错思路］
如果句中动词划有横线, 考生就应分析一下是否时态有错误, 即动词的时态形式是否与句中给出的或暗示的时间状语相呼应；动词的语态形式与所涉及的人或物的关系是施动还是受动, 是受动关系就要用被动式。
［改错要领］
1.掌握与某个特定时态连用的时间状语。
与现在时连用的时间状语有：every day, always, usually, sometimes, twice a week, often等；
与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：recently, lately, since, already, so far, these days, for, yet, in (over, during)the last(past)two years(months, weeks)等；
与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by 2000(the end of this year), up to 21st century, when从句等；
与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：by(up to)1960(或其他过去时间), between 1914 and 1945(或其他过去时间)。
2.注意不同时态的配合与呼应。
主句是将来时, 从句可以是现在完成时, 一般现在时；
主句是过去时, 从句可以是过去进行时, 过去完成时, 一般过去时, 过去将来时。
3.熟悉时态替代的用法。
从句在表示将来时间概念时, 视情况用一般现在时或现在进行时替代；从句表示将来完成时的概念时, 用现在完成时替代；go, come, leave的过去进行时可以替代过去将来时。
4.测试谓语动词时态的试题常同时测试主谓一致关系或语态, 在答题时应全面考虑。
5.动词短语作谓语的被动语态句中, 注意不要将介词丢掉；如样题辨错改错部分(1)。
二、虚拟语气常见错误设置及答题思路
［常见错误］
1.规范搭配的主从句动词形式有一个有错误。
2.主句和从句的动词形式与各自发生的时间不相对应。
3.在省略if采用倒装表示虚拟的结构中, 主句谓语动词没有用虚拟形式, 或主句动词是虚拟形式, 但从句倒装有误。
4.在用介词短语、并列分句或分词等其他方式表示虚拟条件的句子中, 谓语动词没有采用虚拟形式。
5.一些表达命令、建议、愿望意义的词后接宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句或同位语从句时, 从句中动词没有采用(should+)动词原形。
例句：
If the police would have (A) arrived (B) earlier, he would have (C) seen (D) the accident.
(答案：A had, 与过去事实相反, 从句用had done)
Had paul received (A) six more (B) votes in the last election, he would have been (C) our chairman (D) now.
(答案：C would be, 时间状语now表示主句与现在事实相反)
The demand for (A) electricity can (B) not readily be met were it not (C) for another source of (D) energy-nuclear power.
(答案：B could, 表示非真实的假设)
Victor obviously (A) doesn′t know what′s happened (B) ;otherwise he didn′t make (C) such a (D) stupid remark.
(答案：C wouldn′t have made, otherwise连接虚拟分句)
Without (A) the friction between their (B) feet and the ground, people will (C) in no way (D) be able to walk.
(答案：C would, 介词without引导虚拟条件)
So great (A) was (B) the influence of Thomas paine on (C) his own time that John Adams suggested that the era was called (D) "The Age of Paine".
(答案：D be called, suggest后接宾语从句, 其谓语应用动词原形)
Emphasis is laid on (A) the necessity that all the objectives to be attained (B) take into (C) account before starting (D) a new project.
(答案：C be taken into, necessity后接同位语从句, 其谓语应用动词原形)
It (A) is essential that (B) all these figures are to be (C) checked twice (D) .
(答案：C be, 形容词essential要求其主语从句的谓语用动词原形)
［辨错思路］
注意查找句中表示虚拟语气的线索和信号：
1.如果试题中出现连词if, 应仔细研究句子的语义, 分辨它引导的是真实条件, 还是虚拟条件, 如果是表示假定的虚拟语气意义, 则看一下主、从句中的谓语动词是否采用了相应的形式。
2.看到一个句子时, 一定要弄明白句中条件和结果两部分的时间所指, 再看谓语动词形式是否与所指时间一致。
3.观察题句中是否出现表示建议、命令、意愿的词语(无论是动词、还是其派生出的形容词、名词), 审查后接that从句中谓语是否用(should+)动词原形。
4.如果题句中出现主谓部分倒装结构, 或without, but for等介词, 则应考虑到它们有可能引导虚拟条件。
5.在确定谓语虚拟语气形式正确与否的同时, 还要留意语态是否有误。
［改错要领］
1.熟记英语虚拟语气的主从句常规搭配形式：
假设类型 从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式
与现在事实相反 动词过去式(Be动词were) would+动词原形
与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 would have+过去分词
与将来事实相反 should+动词原形were to+动词原形 would+动词原形
2.熟记下列表示命令、意愿、建议的动词作谓语时, 其宾语从句动词要求用原形：
advise, ask, command, decide, demand, desire, insist, maintain, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge.
3.熟记下列形容词后接that从句时, 从句中谓语动词需用原形：
advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, preferable, vital, natural.
4.熟记下列名词后接that从句时, 从句中谓语动词需用原形：
advice, command, demand, importance, insistance, motion, necessity, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, suggestion, wish, condition, decision.
5.除if外, 下列连词(或相当于连词)引导状语从句时, 从句中谓语动词有时要用虚拟形式：
even if, even though, as if, as though, lest, for fear that, in case, suppose, supposing.
6.下列介词和副词常用来引导让步假设和转折假设：
but for, without/with, otherwise, but, or else.
7.下列固定句型需使用虚拟语气：
…would rather that…动词过去式/过去完成式…
It is(high)time that…动词过去式…
If only…动词过去式/过去完成式
If it were/had been not for…
三、情态动词常见错误设置及答题思路
［常见错误］
1.考情态动词表达推断、预测的逻辑意义。
2.考"情态动词＋动词完成式"表达的虚拟意义。
所设置的错误通常出现在情态动词后接的动词形式上, 即是接不定式的一般式, 还是接不定式的完成式。
例句：
That small country at one time (A) must be (B) prosperous, for (C) it enjoyed a high level (D) of civilization.
(答案：B must have been, 表示对过去的肯定推测)
In a (A) way I agree with you, but I think (B) you could present (C) your arguement in a much better (D) way.
(答案：C could have presented, 表示"本来可以…"但实际没有做的虚拟意义)
I regret having left (A) the work unfinished (B) ;I should plan (C) everything ahead (D) carefully.
(答案：C should have planned, 表示"本应该做"而实际未做的虚拟意义)
A piece of evidence shows (A) that life may exist (B) on earth (C) 3？8 billion years ago (D) .
(答案：B may have existed, 表示根据逻辑推理对过去事情作出的可能性推测)
I got up early (A) but I didn′t need to do (B) so, because (C) I had no work to do (D) that morning.
(答案：B needn′t have done, 表示做了不必做的事)
He knew (A) that she mustn′t have taken (B) the book as (C) she hadn′t been (D) in the house at that time.
(答案：B couldn′t have taken, 表示对过去的否定推测)
［辨错思路］
反复阅读题句, 正确理解句子的含义, 确定其表达推测、判断的语气是强烈还是缓和(委婉), 语义是禁止、允许、劝阻、警告、评论还是惋惜, 据此辨别句中划线的情态动词用词是否准确, 所接动词形式是否符合语义要求, 从而找出错误所在。从以往试题来看, 有关情态动词的错误大都设置在该接动词完成式而误用一般式, 请考生注意这一点。
［改错要领］
把握不同的情态动词加动词不定式完成式表示的各种意义：
1.must have+过去分词, 表示对过去情况的强烈肯定推测, 译为"(昨天)一定…"。
2.can′t/couldn′t have+过去分词, 表示对过去情况的强烈否定推测, 译为"(昨天)一定没…"。