翻译基础一、句子的种类与基本句型
1、句子的种类
1.1 按照功能分析
1.1.1陈述句：说明事实或陈述说话人的看法
A. 描述事实（社会）
例句1：Along with the improvement of living standard, old people live longer.
练习1：随着我国社会经济的迅猛发展，我国老年人的数量明显增加。
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B. 发表看法（观点、倾向）
例句2：Critics point out that we should take some measures in an effective way.
练习2：有识之士指出，我们应该正确看待这一问题。
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1.1.2 疑问句
⑴一般疑问句:情态动词/助动词 + 主语 + 主要动词 + 其他句子成份 （不带疑问词的）
例句1：Are you from
例句2：Are there any good news about?
例句3：Will you attend the party?
*例句4：Do you know who the winner in the game is? （从句）
练习1：情态动词
A: May I see your driving license and vehicle registration card, please?
B: ___________________________
A. Sorry, don’t write me a ticket. B. Ok. But I was driving at 65 miles per hour.
C. Sure. Did I do anything wrong? D. Yes. But I don’t think I am a bad driver.
练习2：助动词
Man: Did you tell Sally she has failed the exam again?
Woman: No. I didn’t have the heart to tell her.
Question: What does the woman mean?
A. She doesn’t like a heart to heart talk with Sally.
B. She thinks the topic is too serious for her.
C. She thinks the news is too bad for Sally.
D. She dares not to tell Sally the bad news.
⑵ 特殊疑问句: 疑问词 + 一般疑问句语序 疑问句 + 陈述句语序
例1： What is the writer’s attitude towards globalization?
What is the passage mainly about?
例2： Which of the following could be the best title of the passage?
问题： He wonders whom the murder in the case is.（陈述句？ 疑问句？）
练习1：How much _________?
A. cost local phone calls B. local phone calls cost
C. does local phone calls cost D. do local phone calls cost
练习2：“My watch is broken.” “Why don’t you _________?”
A. it take to a jeweler B. take it to a jeweler
C. take to a jeweler it D. to a jeweler take it
练习3： “The foreman is not in favor of Jones’ promotion.”
A. will he not be promoted B. there will be no promoting
C. he won’t be promoted D. no promoting him
练习4： “I am exhausted, but let’s go.” “Why ________ rest a while?”
A. don’t we B. not let’s C. not we D. let’s not
练习5：为什么我们优秀的企业enterprise不采取同样same 明智sensible的做法idea呢？（反问）
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⑶ 选择疑问句：一般疑问句 + or + 一般疑问句或简略形式
例1： Do you like the red one or (do you like) the blue one?
例2：Are you a teacher/tutor or a student/leaner?
⑷ 反意疑问句：陈述句 + 一般疑问句的省略形式（逗号隔开），肯定和否定形式
例题1：You are a new student, aren’t you?
练习1： The concert was great, didn’t it / wasn’t it?
练习2: You haven’t finished already, haven’t you / have you?
练习3：There isn’t room for another person, isn’t there / is there?
A: The experiment has been completed, hasn’t it?
B: __________________
A. Yes. We need another week to complete it.
B. Yes. It has been completed beautifully.
C. No. It was completed last week.
D. No. I have no idea about it.
疑问句的写作策略：
题目来源2005年写作真题
要求：写一篇不少于150字的作文，关于：
Whether College Students Should Be Allowed to Get Married
Outline:
1. Choose either of the two positions: College students should (not) be allowed to get married.
2. State your reasons for or against the issue
3. Conclusion
（首段疑问句 — 提出问题）
我们应该允许大学生结婚吗？一些人表示他们的担心，因为他们认为这对于大学生的发展不利。
Should we allow college students to get married? Some people feel worried about the case, since they believe that it is detrimental to the growth of college students.
什么是大学生的任务，学习还是享受生活？人们对此持有不同的观点，并且彼此不能够相容。
What is the principal task of college students, to study or to enjoy their life? Opinions vary from people to people, and they can hardly make an agreement with each other / agree with each other.
（过渡疑问句 — 承上启下）
在婚后，大学生真的能集中精力来学习吗？学生的父母表示怀疑。
Can college students really concentrate on their study after getting married? Their parents hold a suspicious attitude.
学生的父母是唯一的反对者吗？其他的人也包括学生的老师也表示反对。
Are a student’s parents only opponents? Other people including his or her teachers are against the idea.
（结尾段疑问句 — 总结上文）
既然大学生还不足够成熟到管理他们自己，那么为什么我们不禁止他们过早的组成家庭呢？
Now that college students are so mature to manage themselves, why do not we stop them building a family?
1.1.3 祈使句 第二人称祈使句，第一、三人称祈使句
Look out! Be careful!
Don’t be late! Never give up!
Be cautious of theft and robbery!
Let me know if you come to
Don’t leave your children alone in your home.
1.1.4 感叹句 强调名词、形容词、副词或动词
例题1： What a lovely day we spend! (We spend such a lovely day.)
例题2： How cold it is getting! (It is getting so cold.)
例题3： How fast they run! (They run so fast.)
例题4： How the price grew! (The price grew sharply.)
1.2 按照结构分析
1.2.1 简单句：由一个主语和一个动词组成，不含从句
例题1： 和其他成年人一样，大学生也有权利选择他们的生活方式。（形容词作状语）
Similar to other adults, college students have the right to choose their lifestyle.
练习1： 与工作中的成年人不同，大学生的主要任务就是学习。
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例题2： 伴随着社会的发展，更多的大学生明确了自己的生活目标。（介宾短语作状语）
Along with social development, an increasing number of college students clarify the goal of their lives.
练习2： 伴随着周围世界的变化，很多大学生开始感到迷惘。
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1、连词 --- 其作用是连接语法作用相同的单词、短语或从句。通常在连接句子时，需要用逗号隔开。
① and（as well as）表并列，引出相似的观点或对句意进行补充。当and连续出现两次时就是“排比句”。此时要用分号替代。
要避免连续使用and的尴尬状况。I like pets, like cats and dogs and chickens and….
② or 表示并列。可以翻译成“或者”，“否则”。可以用来提供选择或表现问题的严重性。
nor表示否定意义的补充说明。翻译为“也不”。
③ but, yet 表示转折。可以翻译成“但是”，“而是”。这是西方人最喜欢的一种表达形式。
④ for (as, since, because) 表示原因。“因为”通常都不放在句首。
⑤ so表示结果。翻译成“因此”。
⑥ while表示对比。翻译成“当”。
补充：关联连词not only…but also, either…or…, neither…nor…, both…and…, not...,but…与连词使用方法一致。可连句子和词。但要注意：否定词置于句首前，要倒装。
改错练习
练习1：Professor Deneau teaches both anthropology人类学 as well as sociology each fall.
练习2：The firemen were unable to determine exactly what caused the fire, when they said that they would continue the investigation.
练习3：When he was a little boy, Mark Twain would walk along the piers, watch the river boats, swimming and fish in the
练习4： The Russians serve tea in glasses instead of cups and sweetening the beverage with a spoonful of jam or a lump of sugar.
练习5： Because of its strong record during earlier recessions, the mutual fund has and will continue to be attractive to small investors.
练习6： When science, business, and art learns something of each other’s methods and goals, the world will have come closer to cultural harmony.
练习7：
2、连接性副词 --- 与并列连词作用相同，这类词也是在句中起连接作用，但是更加正式。同时，要注意它仅仅是句中的一个成分，因此标点符号以及摆放的位置应该注意。
① 表并列（besides, in addition, additionally）
② 表递进（furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is better, what is worse, particularly, in particular, especially, surprisingly）
③ 表转折（however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, even though）
④ 表因为（seeing that, due to, owing to, thanks to, due to, as a result of, on account of）
⑤ 表所以（admittedly, naturally, thus, therefore, consequently, as a result, hence）
⑥ 表对比（on the other hand, otherwise, in contrast, on the contrary）
练习部分：（请标出连接词的位置，尝试用不同的词或词类进行替换）
并列、递进关系
例1：Television presents a vivid world in front of us. No newspaper has shown so clearly what is happening right now in the world. Transforming information, television gives the news instantly. Additionally it shows it in pictures more powerful than words. In particular, important events like Olympics are often broadcast live so that the audiences feel as if they are participating. In fact, TV has brought reality to the mass.
转折关系（含对比）
例1：Almost every day we see something in the papers about the latest astonishing development in the space exploration. Pictures are regularly flashed to the earth from thousands and even millions of miles away. They are printed in newspapers and shown on television screens as a visible proof of the man’s newest outcomes. However, what we can see is just an indistinguishable “light circle” which is supposed to represent a planet and what we get is only a few stones which are behind glass in museums.
例2：Should we allow the government to set up a new university in our community? Many people strongly oppose the idea, while others insist that locating the university in our area would benefit the local people in many ways. Personally, I side with the later one.（政府）
因果关系
例1：As the competition for higher education becomes severe, more and more parents begin to pay special attention to their children’s early education. As a result, kindergarten children are forced to learn foreign languages, and primary school children gasp under the burden of heavy homework and endless classes. In my opinion, playing for young children is more important because they can learn about society and nature through playing and they can build up a strong body.（教育）
要求：替换
例2：An ancient Greek philosopher said, “There is nothing constant except change.” Companies change all the time and employees change frequently. As a result, it is either unrealistic or unnecessary for any business to maintain a permanent army of same employees until their retirement.（社会）
要求：替换
1.2.3 复合句：由一个主句和从句组合而成。主要包括：名词从句、定语从句、状语从句
具体情况见从句部分讲义
1.2.4 强调句：强调主语、强调其他成分It is …（被强调成份）that…
例题1： John wore his best suit to the dance last night.
1. It was John that [who] wore his best suit to the dance last night. (主语)
2. It was his best suit that [which] John wore to the dance last night. (宾语)
3. It was last night that [when] John wore his best suit to the dance. (副词)
练习1： It was not until the accident happened ___________________.
A. when I became aware of my foolishness B. when my foolishness became obvious
C. that did I realize my own folly D. that I became aware of my own foolishness
2、基本句型
2.1 主语 + 谓语（不及物动词）（+状语）
例1： Bird sing.
例2： She dances well.
例3： The fog has disappeared.
2.2 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
例1： The stone hit me
例2： The garden needs watering.
例3： Everybody likes to eat.
2.3 主语 + 系动词 + 表语（状语）
例1： He looks happy.
例2： John is out.
例3： She became a famous musician.
练习1： Because we could not think clearer, out efforts in trying to solve the problem have failed.
练习2： Thanks to the various international exchange programs, continentalism between universities has almost been disappeared.
练习3