翻译基础二、从句
1、名词从句
1.1 主从连词 that
1.1.1 主语从句（that不能省略）
例题：That we warm up a half hour in advance is so important to sportspersons.
It形式主语 is so important to sportspersons that we warm up a half hour in advance.
练习：（在校大学生结婚）是一个很有争议的controversial* 问题。
1.1.2 宾语从句 (that可以被省略)
例题： Some people argue that it is detrimental for children to play too much.
练习：很多人一直想知道为什么大学会不禁止学生谈恋爱甚至结婚。
1.1.3 表语从句
例题： The assumption is that things will improve.
练习： 我们反对在校大学生结婚的一个原因那将不利于学生们集中尽力学习。
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1.1.4 同位语从句
例题： In spite of the fact that the argument sounds slightly reasonable, it is short of the consideration to the tomorrow’s growth.
练习：我们反对在校大学生结婚是因为他们并不成熟到足够处理每一件事和合理安排他们的生活。
1.2 主从连词 if, whether
1.2.1主语从句
例题： It is so crucial to tomorrow’s development whether we can succeed.
练习：最后，大学毕业生是否能够被允许结婚应该被留给给多的教育学家和社会评论家讨论。
1.2.2宾语从句：上述两词常接在know, wonder, doubt…之后
注意： if和whether 从句作动词的宾语时，两字通用，但句中有or not时，不得用if.
I don’t care if it does rain.
I don’t care whether it rains or not.
练习1： I don’t know that you can recognize her from here, but the girl reading the newspaper is Mary.
练习2：He had trouble finding out that the capital of the country lay in the costal area or in the mountains.
1.3 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, what, which （宾语从句为例）
例题1：I wish to know who will look after these poor children.
例题2：He never makes sure whom he is looking for.
例题3：She takes into consideration whose business is better.
例题4：People are aware of what they really need.
例题5：No one understands which on earth is worth trusting.
练习1： “Janet hasn’t written to us for such a long time.” “What do you suppose _________ to her?”
A. that she happened B. happened C. to happen D. having happened
练习2： Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of _________ reality.
A. what it is conceived B. that is conceived
C. what is conceived to be D. that is being conceived of
1.4 疑问副词 when, where, why, how
例题1： When I leave for
例题2： That’s where you are mistaken.
例题3： My original question, why he did it at all, has not been answered.
例题4： How the book will sell depends on its author.
练习1： I wonder when ______.
A. did your father retire B. your father retired C. has your father retired D. your father has retired.
练习2： The people at the party were worried about Susan because no one was aware ____ she had gone.
A. where that B. of where C. of the place where D. the place
练习3： Do you know why ______ the project.
A. did do I B. did I do C. I did D. did do
练习4： Daniel ________ he could improve his test scores, but he did not have enough time to study.
A. knew to B. knew how C. knew how that D. knew how to
2、定语从句
2.1 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 ―― 本质不同、功能不同
例题： I prefer the people who hold a welcoming attitude toward strangers.
练习： 事实上，我非常赞同那些专家所持的意见。
2.1.2 作连词＋代词的功能
例题： The current, which is very rapid, makes the river dangerous.
练习： 很多在校大学生希望能够结婚，这个问题引起了社会的争论。
2.2 关系代词和关系副词
例题： The girl who stood in the corner became frustrated.
提示： 上句who引导的定语从句，可简化为分词短语和介词短语。
The girl standing in the corner became frustrated.
The girl in the corner became frustrated.
2.2.2 关系副词：when, where, why, how
例题１：This is the place where (=in which) he was born.
例题２：The baby was taken ill the day when (=on which) we were to sail for
例题３：I know the reason why (=for which) he was so angry.
练习１：
A. yet B. which C. there D. despite
练习２：The framer uses wood to build a house _______ to store grains.
A. with which B. where C. which D. in which
练习３：The knee is the joint _____ the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
A. when B. where C. why D. which
练习４：Besides the desk who faced the window, there was only a sofa with two matching chairs in the room.
练习５：In the attempt to control inflation by eliminating social program, there are ethical limits beyond where many economists and politicians are reluctant to go.
2.2.3What是本身兼作先行词的关系代词
例题： What (all that) we act makes us profitable.
练习： The main facts in human life are five: birth, food, sleep, love and death. One could increase the number – add breathing for instance – but these five are the most obvious, Let us briefly ask ourselves ___ our lives.
A. they play in what part B. they play what part in
C. what part they play in D. in what part they play
2.3 关系代词that和which的区别
2.3.1使用that的情况
a)当先行词中包括人和物时，用that修饰
例题：They are talking about the people, the scenery, and the custom there that left on them a deep impression.
b)在先行词为形容词最高级所修饰时
例题：
c)在序数词后
例题： The first thing I should do is to work out a plan for next year.
d)在先行词前有 the only, the same, all, no, little, much, none, any, every, everything, nothing, something, anything词时。
例题１： He was the only man that I knew in my neighbor.
例题２： His writing contains little that is new, but much that is old.
例题３： Is there anyone else that witnessed the accident?
2.3.2 使用which的情况
a)在介词后
例题１： This is the place at which (=where ) I was born.
例题２： That is one reason for which (=why) he likes to come.
b)用在非限制性定语从句中
例题１： The football team, which played badly last year, has done very well this year.
c) which 和that在定语从句中作宾语，可省略
例题１： Here is the dictionary (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.
例题２： Mary showed me the present (that) her father gave her on her birthday.
练习１： The outer ear and the ear canal are subject to all of the various disorders ________.
A. that affect the skin B. affect the skin C. the skin affects D. the skin is affected
练习２： Mrs. Swanson, a member of the social committee for the coming year, is the only woman which has a car.
3、状语从句
3.1 作状语的词
副词：He laughs best who laughs last.
介词短语The device has been repaired for nearly three years.
分词Leaving their schools, graduates start their new lives.
不定式We get there too late to get good seats.
名词He passed away yesterday.
从句见下面的内容
3.2 状语从句的类型的功能
3.2.1表时间 after, before, since, until, when, once, as soon as, by the time, so long as
3.2.2表地点 where
3.2.3表原因 because, as, since, for, seeing that, now that, considering that,
3.2.4表目的 (so) that, in order that, for fear (that), in case (that)
3.2.5表结果 so (that), so…that, such… that
3.2.6表状态 (exactly) as, (just) as…, as if, as though
3.2.7表比较 than, as…as, the…the…, how, according as
3.2.8表让步 if, although, as, even though, even if, whether…or
例文：
Several years ago during the dot-com passion,
But now the tables have turned. Today
While there isn’t a rush toward formal office wear, clothiers and executives say the workplace uniform is heading that way. In many offices, men are wearing Jackets, ties and pants more frequently than a year age. Top women executives never went as casual as men, so the shift doesn’t affect them as dramatically.
“Business casual” took several years to catch on. It started with casual Fridays, evolved to casual summers, and then became casual everyday. ……
Observers mention many factors driving the trend Internet companies helped lead the dress-down movement and other industries followed suit to attract workers. But with the collapse of many dot-coms, the relaxed look is becoming a style to avoid. Moreover, as the economy stumbles, more people are hunting for jobs or trying to keep the ones they have, and appearance counts.
US President Bush wears a coat and tie in the White House office and expects his staff to dress “professionally,” which some say sets a tome for the nation.
51. "Business casual" was prevalent several years ago because ______.
A. the
C. the country was fighting the conservatives D. the Internet companies boomed then
52. When the "business casual" prevailed, ______.
A. businessmen wore ties only in workplace B. businessmen didn’t wear ties at all
C. businesswomen didn’t wear formally in workplace D.businesswomen still wore formally everywhere
53. The Fortune 500 executives ______.
A. set the trend toward more casual wear B. are particular about what they wear
C. begin to wear suits more often than before D. are usual1y indifferent to fashion trend
54. At the beginning of the "business casual" trend, business people wore casually______.
A. when meeting clients B. on weekends C. in summer D. almost everyday
55. It is implied in the passage that the change of business dress from the casual to the formal reflects ______.
A. the changed of people’s taste in fashion B. the ups and downs of the fashion industry
C. the ups and downs of the Internet companies D. people’s difference in business dress
3.3 条件状语从句
3.3.1 If的应用
If he comes, I’ll see him. 陈述语气
If he came, I would see him. 虚拟语气
a)if从句置于句末，前面可以不加逗点（,）。
If you have enough money, why don’t you buy a bicycle?
改写：
b)if的省略
If I had known, I would not have gone.
改写：________________________________________________________________________
3.3.2 unless连词（除非，如果不） = if … not
Unless the strike has been called off, there will be no trains tomorrow.
改写：________________________________________________________________________
3.3.3 provided (that)…, providing (that)… , suppose (that)… , supposing (that)… 完全替换if
例题：Provided that no objection is raised, we shall hold the meeting here.
3.3.4 as long as, so long as, on condition that = if only只要
例题1： So long as you return the book by Saturday, I will lend it to her with pleasure.
例题2： You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank.
练习1： Wood furniture does not spoiled ______ property handled and protected.
A. if B. has C. and D. that
练习2： Unless economic conditions improve next year, ______ widespread普遍的 unrest动荡的局面 in the country.
A. there would be B. there is C. there should be D. there will be
练习3： As automation increases, the problems of unemployment will become progressively more serious unless more men and women would be given the training necessary for white-collar positions.
练习4： Unless one be familiar with the journalistic style, the techniques used in this essay may not be obvious.
