完型填空基础
完形填空又称综合填空，在设计时，并非拿来一篇短文随便去掉几个词，设计者要遵循一定的要求和准则，以保证测试的效度和信度。一般来说，考试中，出题人会给出一篇200-250字的短文，从中去掉15个词，要求考生在15分钟内填完这些空。
完形填空的测试点及解题方法从表面来看，就是要求考生把每个句子中删掉的词恢复出来。而实际上，同等学历考试中的完形填空综合了词汇、结构以及阅读理解部分的测试内容。它不仅测试应试者在词汇和句子水平上运用语言的能力，还测试应试者在篇章上综合运用语言结构的能力。完形填空中所填的词是与文章的上下文紧密联系的。因此，要做好完形填空，必须要在通读全文、把握结构与大意的前提下①，根据所提供的选项及句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息，通过逻辑推理②、对比等手段最后确定答案③。
根据完形填空这一测试特点，在做完形填空时，应采取以下五个步骤逐一进行。
步骤一，了解大意
处理误区： 不了解原文大意，盲目做题 Can’t see the woods for the trees
所谓了解大意即通读整篇文章，弄清文章的大意和结构，确立正确的背景知识，为正式的填空做好充分的准备。很多考生担心自己的阅读水平，碰到空格的地方就莫名的紧张了，认为不如 “看一句，填一空”。但这就陷入了误区。
命题原则： 短文中的空格不是随便就去掉的。命题人在出题时有这样一条原则：去掉15个空格后不会影响考生对文章大意的了解。所以，考生在正式填空前，大可不必为理解上的障碍而省略了这至关重要的一步。
具体方法： 与阅读理解的方法相似，考生在第一遍阅读中，要善于从文章开头的几句话中把握短文的背景、主题或结构，并结合常识判断构建一定的预期，并在随后的阅读中，不断修正，以求与原文一致。通常情况下，文章开头的一、两句话都是完整的信息，这些句子揭示文章的背景知识或主题思想，在阅读中一定要仔细研读，为后面的阅读扫清障碍。
步骤二，初选答案 命题人的六种思路
（一） 词义与词形的辨析。选项与选项之间构成同义词、反义词、形近词的关系。有时出题者也借助选项，考察考生对某些单词词义的精确理解。
举例： Geographers compare and contrast 1 places on the earth.
A. similar B. various C. distant D. famous
译文：地理学家比较和对照地球上的什么地方。
分析：只为考察compare和contrast的精确含义。compare意为to exam for similarities and differences, contrast意为to compare in order to show differences。综合两个词的含义，应为“找出不同对象之间的相似与不同”。
错误原因：所以考生在应试时对于某些重点单词的理解，不能只局限于中文，而应从英文的角度。
（二）逻辑关系。所填空格的句子，与上下文构成并列、递进、举例、因果、比较、对比、让步等逻辑关系。
上下文逻辑关系的考察，是完形填空区别于单纯的句子与结构测试中最重要的一点。
例如： The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection; 1 , what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system…
A. otherwise B. moreover C. however D. also
译文： “为了保护自己，外籍研究员通常把自己封闭在实验室中， ？他所需要的应该是融入一个非常有组织的（综合）大学体系”。从逻辑的角度而言，前后已然成为对立、矛盾的关系。
补充词汇：
l 并列和递进关系
①标志词：and, indeed, also, besides, almost, even, similarly, like, correspondingly, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover, too或会有标点符号：或；
②前后句子的名词或意思具有同指性
l *转折、让步、对比的对立关系*
①标志词：but, yet, however, although, though, while, whereas, despite, by contrast, on the contrary
②前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，往往出现以下情况：a.褒贬对立；b.句式 结构对立。
l 例证关系
①标志词：for example，for instance，for one thing，to illustrate，as an illustration，verify
②出题模式：例子(例证)，总结说明后往往伴有表例证关系的提示词；for example, for in stance
l 定义关系
①标志词：namely, in other words, that is to say, or rather
②出题模式：有定义或释义关系的句子往往是文章或段落主题句，所以放段首或段尾
l 因果关系
①结果标志词：so, therefore, thus, as a result, for this reason, hence, consequently, as a consequence
②总结标志词：in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word
③原因标志词：because, since, for, as, due to, thanks to, owing to, as a result of, seeing that,
(三)结构识别。这里讲到的结构，是指英文中表祯句子结构的固定词组，如not only…but…,as well, some…the others…, still others…,between…and ,either…or, neither…nor 等。
(四)固定搭配（词组）。这里的固定搭配，是指动词与名词之间的搭配。如：同样是“利用……”, 却有不同的搭配take advantage of sth. /make use of sth.
(五)动词的用法。考生应从动词的时态、语态（被动语态和主动语态）以及非谓语动词 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词）几个角度逐一考虑。
(六)介词的用法.介词的用法中多考察介词与名词、介词与形容词及及介词与动词的搭配和用法。
除了按照以上六种思路从正面逐一解题外，考生还可以灵活多变地从反面入手，利用排除法获得正确答案。
“In the
86. A. but B. except C. with D. besides
87. A. However B. Therefore C. Furthermore D. Nevertheless
在完形填空中，所谓的同性元素是指具有相同的含义，同样的语法功能以及一致用法的两个或多个选项。其实，同性元素的出现，是出题者黔驴技穷的表现，是为了凑足四个选项不得已而为之的。
步骤三，寻找线索
完形填空不同于句子与结构，必须要从整篇文章入手，通篇考虑，结合上下文答案，寻找线索就秉诚了这一思想。有些题从单纯的句子来考虑，我们会发现四个选项均可以入选，但从上下文的线索入手，就能迅速排除其它三个，找到正确答案，从某种意义上来说，“寻找线索“不仅可以考察考生的语言知识，而且更强调对文章内容的整体把握。
步骤四，回头补缺
在做题时，如果有的难题一时做不出来，应立刻跳过此题，继续往下做。笔者不提倡考生在某一题上花费大量的时间。道理不言自明，只要考生坚持往下做，随着空格变得越来越少，对文章的理解也越来越轻松，有时就能从下文的线索和暗示中找到答案，这样再回过头来填上答案，也未为晚也。
步骤五，核实答案
题目填完后（除个别难度较大的题目外），应利用一到两分钟将答案带入原文通读，通读的目的是通过“语感”来核实答案。这样读下来，不仅可以改正填错的词，而且还可以在这一过程中得到启发，把做不上来的题目填出来。
综上所述，这五个步骤在整个完形填空的做题过程中缺一不可。了解文章大意是前提条件，答案的初选是做题的核心，在这一过程中，除了逻辑关系以外，其余5种出题思路更主要的是针对考生平时的积累和记忆的程度，考察考生的语言功底。笔者再次提醒广大考生，完形填空的成功离不开对篇章的整体把握，孤立地、片面地看问题，终会使你失望而归。
例题一、（1996）
Business and government leaders also consider the inflation rate to be an important general indicator. Inflation is a period of increased 66 that causes rapid rises in prices. 67 your money buys fewer goods so that you get 68 for the same amount of money as before, inflation is the problem. There is a general rise 69 the price of goods and services. Your money buys less. Sometimes people describe inflation as a(n) 70 when “a dollar is not worth a dollar anymore”.
Inflation is a problem for all consumers. People who live on a fixed income are hurt the 71 . Retired people, for instance, cannot 72 on an increase in income as prices rise. Elderly people who do not work face serious problems in stretching their incomes to 73 their needs in time of inflation. Retirement income 74 any fixed income usually does not rise as fast as prices. Many retired people must cut their spending to 75 rising prices. In many cases they must stop 76 some necessary items, such as food and clothing. Even 77 working people whose incomes are going up, inflation can be a problem. The 78 of living goes up, too. People who work must have even more money to keep up their standard of living. Just buying the things they need costs more. When incomes do not keep 79 with rising prices, the standard of living goes down. People may be earning the same amount of money, but they are not living 80 because they are not able to buy as many goods and services.
Government units gather information about prices in our economy and publish it as price indexes 81 the rate of change can be determined. A price index measures changes in prices using the price for a 82 year as the base. The base price is set 83 100, and the other prices are reported as a 84 of the base price. A price index makes 85 possible to compare current prices of typical consumer goods, for example, with prices of the same goods in previous years.
66. A. spending B. demanding C. consuming D. saving
67. A. Because B. While C.Since D.When
68. A. much B. little C. more D. less
69. A. in B.on C. at D.to
70. A. chance B.time C.moment D.occasion
71. A. best B.least C.most D.worst
72. A. rely B.rest C.depend D.count
73. A. meet B.obtain C.care D. acquire
74. A. or B.and C.excluding D. including
75. A.live up to B.catch up on C. put up with D.keep up with
76. A.to buy B. buying C.having bought D.from buying
77. A. from B.to C.of D. if
78. A. price B.level C. cost D.if
79. A. race B. pace C. speed D. step
80. A. as usual B. as well C. as before D. as such
81. A. in which B. from which C. of which D. by which
82. A. last B. given C. fixed D. definite
83. A. on B. by C. at D. against
84. A. portion B. percentage C. proportion D. fraction
85. A. it B. us C. one D. you
例题二、（1997）
The horse and carriage is thing of the past. but love and marriage are still with us and still closely interrelated. Most American marriages, particularly first marriages 66 young couples. are the result of 67 attraction and affection 68 than practical considerations.
In the
This is 73 in part to parental guidance. Parents cannot select spouses for their children, but they can usually 74 choices by 75 disapproval of someone they consider unsuitable.
76 , marriages between members of different groups (interclass, interfaith, and interracial marriages) are increasing, probably because of the greater 77 of today’s youth and the fact that they are restricted by 78 prejudices than their parents. Many young people leave their home towns to attend college,
Once away from home and family, they are more 81 to date and marry outside their own social group. In mobile American society, interclass marriages are neither 82 nor shocking. Interfaith marriages are 83 the rise particularly between Protestants and Catholics. On the other hand, interracial marriage is still very uncommon. It can be difficult for interracial couples to find a place to live, maintain friendships, and 84 a family. Marriages between people of different national 85 (but the same race and religion) have been commonplace here since colonial times.
66. A. linking B. involving C. connecting D. correlating
67. A. personal B. emotional C. mutual D. magnetic
68. A. more B. less C. rather D. other
69. A. dating B. appointment C. engagement D. matching
70. A. position B. association C. contacts D. contract
71. A. certain B. embarrassed C. hesitated D. free
72. A. similar B. identical C. differential D. diverse
73. A. for B. likely C. due D. because
74. A. influence B. give C. make D. offer
75. A. sounding B. avoiding C. expecting D. voicing
76. A. Moreover B. However C. Therefore D. Furthermore
77. A. mobility B. motive C. moral D. mission
78. A. less B. rather C. fewer D. many
79. A. work B. serve C. stay D. remain
80. A. but B. otherwise C. likewise D. or
81. A. probable B. likely C. reluctant D. readily
82. A. rare B. scarce C. seared D. relieved
83. A. in B. at C. on D. for
84. A. raise B. obtain C. grow D. unite
85. A. origin B. source C. resource D. base
例题三、（1998）
Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own.__66__the turn of the century when jazz(爵士乐)was born,
The__75__of this music arc as interesting as the music__76__ ,American Negroes , or blacks, as they are called today. were the Jazz__77__. They were brought to the Southern states__ 78__ slaves .They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long__79__. When a Negro died his friends and relatives__80__a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In
66. A. By B. At C. In D. On
67. A. music B. song C. melody D. style
68. A. discovered B. acted C. invented D. designed
69. A. noticed B. found C. listened D. heard
70. A. classical B. sacred C. Popular D. light
71. A. forms B. follows C. approaches D. introduces
72. A. expressing B. explaining C. exposing D. illustrating
73. A. appeared B. felt C. seemed D. sounded
74. A. as B. so C. either D. neither
75. A. origins B. originals C. discoveries D. resources
76. A. concerned B. itself C. available D. oneself
77. A. players B. followers C. fans D. pioneers
78. A. for B. as C. with D. by
79. A. months B. weeks C. hours D. times
80. A. demonstrated B. composed C. hosted D. formed
81. A. demonstration B. procession C. body D. march
82. A. Even B. Therefore C. Furthermore D. But
83. A. number B. members C. body D. relations
84. A. sad B. solemn C. happy D. funeral
85. A. whistled B. sung C. presented D. showed
